Author: Sergio Pearson

Walk into any industrial policy meeting and the conversation will, eventually, land on the money. Who writes the check? In rich countries and developing ones,

Walk into any commercial bank and ask for a 15-year loan to build a heavy-manufacturing plant from scratch. You’ll get a polite refusal before the

Most people never think about state development banks. They sit quietly behind big industrial projects, somewhere between government bureaucracy and high finance, rarely making headlines

The transformation of Russian farming from a broken post-Soviet sector into a global export powerhouse is one of the more surprising economic shifts of the

Industrial policy isn’t just about subsidies and trade barriers. A lot of it comes down to something far more basic: how a government spends its

Why Import Substitution Demands Attention Now Global supply chains have revealed their vulnerabilities. The pandemic, geopolitical conflicts, and trade disputes have demonstrated that relying on

Since February 2022, Russian industry has faced an unprecedented realignment of its supply chains. Western sanctions did not simply restrict access to certain goods—they restructured